دانشگاه کاشان کاشان شناسی 2676-7686 17 2 2025 03 15 Historical Study of the Role of Abu al-Rreza Rawandi in the Narration of Nahjul-Balagha بررسی تاریخی نقش ابوالرضا راوندی در روایت نهج‌ البلاغه 53 70 114891 10.22052/kashan.2025.255326.1122 FA محمود صادقی علوی استادیار گروه تاریخ و تمدن ملل اسلامی دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 08 20 Introduction Nahjul-Balagha,as one of the valuable Shiite legacies, has always been one of the books of interest to Muslim scholars. Thus, this research has undertaken a historical study of the role of Abu al-Rida Rawandi in the narration of Nahjul-Balagha during the reign of the Sunni Seljuq rulers. Thisresearch is to answer this question: what role Abu al-Rida Rawandi played in the narration of Nahjul-Balagha during this period. A figure like Abu al-Rida Rawandi, as an educated man in the school of Ahl al-Bayt in the Shiite city of Kashan, took valuable steps towards the narration of Nahjul-Balagha, which will be considered in this context. This study is based on the hypothesis that Abu al-Rida Rawandiwith the material and spiritual support of influential and wealthy Shiites in Kashan, despite the dominance of the Sunni Seljuk dynasty, traveled to various cities, including Isfahan, and after learning about the most important narrations of Nahjul al-Balagha, started narrating them to his students and the next Shiites generation. Materials and Methods Abu al-Reza Rawandi is a scholar whose works and activities in various fields are worthy of attention and importance. The fall of the Shiite Buyid dynasty and the establishment of the Seljuq dynasty in Iran drastically affected the history of Kashan. Since the Seljuq were Sunni, they naturally did not have a positive view of Shiite cities, including Kashan. Considering what has been said about the political and social conditions of Kashan and the Seljuqreign in Iran, some prominent Shiite men play a significant role in this period to transmit Shiite heritage. In this critical historical era for the Shiites, some Shiite scholars, despite great hardships, endeavored to protect and promote Shiite culture. Amongst them, Abu al-Rida Rawandi had a crucial role as one of the main narrators of Nahjul-Balagha in the sixth century AH. Many studies have been conducted about this figure and his works, yet in this study examines the historical role played by Abu al-Rida Rawandi in the narration of Nahjul-Balagha, using an analytical and comparative method. Results The Seljuqdomination of Iran world after the fall of the Shiite Buyid dynasty created difficult religious conditions for the Shiites. Shiite scholars, who had compiled much of the Shiite cultural heritage under the support of Buyid rulers, tried their best to pass this Shiite heritage to the nextShiite generations during this period, despite official support for Sunni sects. One of the valuable achievements of the Shiites during the Buyid rule was the compilation of Nahj al-Balagha by Sayyid al-Radi. The importance that this book gradually gained among the Shiites landed itas the second most important religious book among the Shiites after the Holy Quran. In different periods of Islamic history, the dominance of Sunni rulers over the Islamic world created many problemsfor the preservation and transmission of Shiite knowledge and culture. These conditions became doubled during the Seljuq ruleand increasedconcerns regarding the preservation ofShiite valuable assets. Among these figures, Abu al-Rida Rawandi played a great role to transmit Shiite heritage, especially through narration of Nahj al-Balagha. Despite the dominance of Sunni rulers, Abu al-Rida Rawandi did not stop his scientific activities and, with the support of some wealthy Shiites of Kashan, did his best to transmit this Shiite heritage to the next generation. By traveling to different cities and interacting and learning from religious scholars and elders, both Shia and Sunni, Abu al-Rida became able to gain access to authentic versions and narrations of Nahjul-Balagha as healso established scientific relations with thinkers from all Islamic sects. Then he taught and transmitted this valuable knowledge to next generations. Abu al-Rida's activities in the field of narration of Nahjul-Balagha turned him into one of the most authoritative and important narrators of Nahjul-Balagha; as a result,his narration of Nahjul-Balagha is considered one of the most complete and documented narrations. Abu al-Rida's role becomes more prominent and distinctive when located in the historicaland cultural context of the Seljuqrule. Conclusion This study showed that in a situation where the Sunni the Seljuqdominated Iran alongside the Abbasid caliphs and imposed harshest restrictions on Shiites scholars such as Abu al-Rida Rawandi, theyaccomplished their mission in transmitting and promoting this valuable Shiite heritage. Abu al-Rida Rawandi, with his extensive efforts during this period, was able to access various versions of Nahj al-Balagha possessed by various individuals, both Shiites and Sunnis, and learnt aboutthem from his contemporary scholars, taught them to his students. In this way, it is claimed that, he helped preserve this valuable heritage for Shiites throughout subsequent historical periods. استقرار حکومت سلاجقه بر بیشتر نقاط جهان اسلام بعد از انقراض آل‌بویه تا حدود زیادی عرصه را بر عالمان شیعی برای ترویج و انتقال میراث شیعی تنگ کرد. این پژوهش بر آن است تا با بررسی اسناد و منابع موجود بیان کند ابوالرضا راوندی به‌عنوان یکی از علمای شیعۀ شهر کاشان در قرن ششم هجری و هم‌زمان با غلبۀ سلاجقۀ سنی‌مذهب بر قسمت بزرگی از جهان اسلام، چه نقشی در روایت نهج‌ البلاغه به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین میراث شیعی داشته است. این پژوهش بر مبنای منابع کتابخانه‌ای و با روش تحلیلی، متون و منابع مرتبط با موضوع را بررسی نموده است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد در شرایطی که سلاجقۀ سنی‌مذهب در کنار خلفای عباسی بر جهان اسلام غلبه داشته و نه‌تنها حمایتی از علمای شیعه نداشتند بلکه محدودیت‌هایی نیز برای شیعیان ایجاد می‌کردند، علمایی همچون ابوالرضا راوندی با مسافرت به شهرهای مختلف و بهره‌گیری از علما و همین‌طور استفاده از نسخ مختلف نهج‌ البلاغه در سایۀ حمایت رجال متمول و قدرتمند شیعه در این دوره با استنساخ و روایت این اثر شیعی برای دیگر معاصران و شاگردان خود نقش مؤثری در انتقال و ترویج این میراث ارزشمند شیعی در دورۀ غلبه سیاسی اهل‌سنت بر جهان اسلام داشته است.

https://sh-kashan.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114891_99a13a1f8c1c8717399b4cdd8b36b87c.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان کاشان شناسی 2676-7686 17 2 2025 03 15 Examining the Role of Social Factors Affecting the Tendency to Commit Crime among Youth (Case Study: Students of University of Kashan) بررسی نقش عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر گرایش به ارتکاب جرم در بین جوانان (مطالعۀ موردی: دانشجویان دانشگاه کاشان) 71 98 114728 10.22052/kashan.2025.256252.1135 FA سعید قماشی دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران، (نویسنده مسئول) نسرین قدمی دانشجوی دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 06 Introduction Crime, as a social phenomenon occurring within the community, represents an actualized behavior. In this regard, “tendency toward crime” refers to a potential form of behavior that has not yet manifested or been actualized. This study aims to identify which social factors influence youth’s tendency towards committing crimes. To this end, it moves beyond mere descriptions and engages in a conceptual analysis to formulate possible explanations. Accordingly, “tendency” is defined as a system of the individual’s inclinations and beliefs in regard to environmental phenomena; this tendency which develops over time as a result of social influences and experiences can predict and explain social behavior. One such social behavior is committing crime by individuals across different age groups. Given that criminal behavior like any other behavior, requires a will or inclination to be actualized, this study specifically examines crimes and the factors influencing criminal tendencies among young students in the University of Kashan. Materials and Methods An examination of the contexts of social order vulnerability and official judicial statistics indicates the necessity for serious interventions. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer the overarching question: which social factors affect the tendency of young students to commit crimes? The main objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between the social cohesion of the state and nation, social security, national identity, social belonging, adherence to law, political participation, social cohesion, institutional trust, and the tendency to commit crimes among students. Methodologically, this research falls within the positivist paradigm, adopts a deductive strategy, and deploys a quantitative approach. It employs a descriptive-correlational method with a cross-sectional design and practical objectives, utilizing a survey-based approach. The statistical population consisted of students of the University of Kashan, with a sample size of 520 in 1401 (2022–2023). Data were collected through fieldwork using questionnaires. For both descriptive and inferential data analyses, SPSS 23 software was used. Results The research findings and the results of the corresponding statistical analyses confirmed the existence of significant relations and correlations among the variables. Moreover, Spearman’s correlation coefficient regarding the relationship between adherence to law and the tendency to commit crime indicated a negative and inverse relation between these two variables; that is, the greater the respondents’ adherence to the law, the lower their inclination to violate social rules and to commit crimes. Spearman’s correlation coefficient regarding the relationship between social security and the tendency to commit crime also showed that as students’ perception of social security was higher and more positive, their tendency to commit crime decreased. Similarly, the results regarding the relationship between national identity and the tendency to commit crime revealed that the higher the sense of national identity, the lower the respondents’ tendency to commit crimes. Additionally, Spearman’s correlation coefficient concerning the relationship between social belonging and the tendency to commit crime demonstrated that as respondents’ levels of social attachment to their neighborhood and willingness to participate increased, their tendency to commit crime decreased. In contrast, the relations between political participation and the tendency to commit crime showed no significant relation, contrary to the assumptions of political efficacy theory. The correlation between institutional trust and the tendency to commit crime indicated a negative and inverse relationship; that is, the higher the respondents’ trust in institutions—such as educational organizations, service organizations, hospitals, law enforcement, media, and other national institutions—the lower their tendency to commit crimes. Similarly, the relationship between state–society social understanding and the tendency to commit crime demonstrated that as social understanding between the government and the citizens increased and mutual understanding prevailed, the tendency to commit crime decreased. Conclusion Path analyses of factors affecting the tendency toward crime revealed that while state–society social understanding does not have a direct significant effect on criminal tendency, it exerts an indirect effect of 31% on crime inclination. In other words, through social understanding between the government and the citizens, social security in the community is enhanced, the sense of national identity and social belonging among citizens increases; their social participation rises, and social cohesion and trust are strengthened. At the same time, a greater government–citizen understanding fosters adherence to the law within society. Consequently, this provides a foundation for reducing youth’s criminal tendencies and negative attitudes toward lawlessness and anomie. Overall, the negative and inverse relationships between the variables of state–society social understanding, social security, national identity, social belonging, adherence to the law, political participation, social cohesion, and institutional trust with the tendency to commit crime were quantified as follows: r = -0.162, r = -0.436, r = -0.220, r = -0.487, r = -0.006, r = -0.136, r = -0.196, and r = -0.247, respectively. Accordingly, attention to these components can help reduce the tendency toward crime among youth. جرم به ‌عنوان یک پدیدۀ اجتماعی که در محیط اجتماع روی می‌دهد، حالت بالفعل رفتار است. با این وصف، «گرایش به جرم» حالت بالقوۀ رفتار است که به منصۀ ظهور نرسیده و فعلیت نیافته است. این تلاش فکری با هدف بررسی نقش عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر گرایش به ارتکاب جرم در بین جوانان، درصدد است نشان دهد که جوانان تحت‌تأثیر کدام‌یک از عوامل اجتماعی، گرایش به ارتکاب جرم دارند. این تحقیق از منظر روشی، در زمرۀ پارادایم اثبات‌گرایی، مبتنی‌بر استراتژی قیاسی و چشم‌انداز کمی قرار گرفته که از روش توصیفی- همبستگی با رویکرد زمانی مقطعی و با هدف کاربردی بهره برده و به ‌طور ویژه از روش تحقیق پیمایشی نیز استفاده نموده است. جامعۀ آماری این پژوهش، دانشجویان دانشگاه کاشان با حجم نمونۀ 520 نفر در سال 1401 بودند. به ‌منظور گردآوری داده‌های تجربی پژوهش، از روش میدانی و ابزار پرسش‌نامه استفاده شده است. همچنین، در این پژوهش به ‌منظور تجزیه ‌و تحلیل توصیفی و استنباطی داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS23 بهره گرفته شده است. در مجموع، یافته‌های تحقیق و نتایج فعالیت‌های آماری مربوط به آن، وجود رابطه و همبستگی معنادار بین متغیرها را مورد تأیید قرار داده است. این رابطه به‌ صورت منفی و معکوس بین هریک از متغیرهای تفاهم اجتماعی دولت – ملت، امنیت اجتماعی، هویت ملی، تعلق اجتماعی، پایبندی به قانون، مشارکت سیاسی، انسجام اجتماعی و اعتماد نهادی با گرایش به ارتکاب جرم به ‌ترتیب برابر با 162/0-=** r، 436/0- r=**، 220/0-r=**، 487/0-r=**، 006/0- r=**، 136/0- r=**، 196/0- r=** و247/0-=** r نشان داده شده است. بر این اساس، اهتمام به مؤلفه‌های ذکرشده می‌تواند گرایش به جرم را در بین جوانان کاهش دهد.

https://sh-kashan.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114728_7a0fde4ca467a44c4cd5e8bd292ef851.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان کاشان شناسی 2676-7686 17 2 2025 03 15 Designing a Model for Entrepreneurial Competency in Kashan’s Machine-Made Carpet Supply Chain: A Mixed Approach طراحی مدل شایستگی‌های کارآفرینانۀ زنجیرۀ تأمین صنعت فرش ماشینی شهرستان کاشان: رویکرد آمیخته 99 128 113910 10.22052/kashan.2023.253173.1085 FA پوریا منصوری دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد رشته کارآفرینی، گروه مدیریت کسب‌وکار، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران اسماعیل مزروعی نصرآبادی استادیار گروه مدیریت و کارآفرینی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران، نویسنده مسئول زهرا صادقی آرانی استادیار گروه مدیریت کسب‌وکار، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران Journal Article 2023 06 11 Introduction The supply chain is recognized as a critical element for transferring goods from the supplier to the customer (Haque et al., 2023). The effective management of this chain yields numerous benefits, including better control over the production process and improved company economic performance (Hitajar, 2021). In this context, entrepreneurial competencies have gained attention as a key factor for developing supply chain capabilities. The mechanized carpet industry of Kashan, accounting for 10% of Iran's nonoil exports, has recently faced serious challenges, including a $50 million decline in exports (Haqiqi, 2022). The COVID19 pandemic, as an exacerbating factor, has inflicted significant damage on this industry (Mazroui Nasrabadi et al., 2023). Given the regional economy's heavy reliance on this industry, focusing on entrepreneurial competencies is essential for crisis recovery. This study seeks to answer two main questions: first, identifying the entrepreneurial competencies within the supply chain of this industry, and second, delineating the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) of relationships between these competencies. This endeavor can play an effective role in enhancing the capabilities of the supply chain in Kashan's mechanized carpet industry. Materials and Methods This research employed a mixed-method approach, conducted in two qualitative and quantitative phases. The statistical population in both phases consisted of experts from the supply chain of Kashan's mechanized carpet industry with a minimum of five years of experience, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through 13 semi-structured interviews, continuing until theoretical saturation was reached. The interview protocol was designed to cover all layers of the supply chain. To ensure data validity, triangulation (interviews, observation, and document analysis) was used. Reliability was confirmed by calculating an intercoder agreement of 87%. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, leading to the extraction of codes, themes, and ultimately, the final competencies. In the quantitative phase, using the findings of the previous phase, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed, and its validity was confirmed by professors. This questionnaire was based on pairwise comparisons of the competencies. Data from 10 experts were analyzed using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method in five steps: forming the initial Self-Interaction Matrix (SIM), the initial reachability matrix, the final reachability matrix considering transitivity, factor leveling, and finally the drawing of the final model. A reliability condition of at least 60% expert agreement for each relationship was considered. Results The findings were obtained from the analysis of interviews conducted with thirteen experts from Kashan's mechanized carpet industry. Interviews in the qualitative phase continued until the thirteenth participant after theoretical saturation was achieved in the tenth. The participants' profiles indicated their managerial positions in various supply chain sectors, including production, quality control, and spinning with work experience ranging from 7 to 31 years. The interview data were examined using thematic analysis and open coding. In the first stage, meaningful units were extracted from the interview texts and were initially coded. For instance, phrases like “pursuing development plans across all chain stages” and “aligning competitive strategies” were categorized under the theme of “Strategic Competency.” Ultimately, 18 main categories were extracted from 51 initial codes, the most important of which included strategic competency, competency in using modern technology, interstage communicative competency, sales and marketing competency, and risk management competency. In the quantitative phase, the relationships between these competencies were analyzed using ISM. After forming the SSIM and converting it into the final reachability matrix, factor leveling was performed. The results indicated that the final model was structured at two levels. Level one variables included influential competencies such as strategic competency and modern supply chain management competency, which directly influenced other factors. These variables were identified as key levers for future interventions. Level two variables consisted of competencies influenced by the level one factors. This model provided a comprehensive view of the complex interactions among entrepreneurial competencies within the supply chain of Kashan's mechanized carpet industry. Conclusion The analyses of findings revealed that 18 key competencies were extracted from interviews with the experts of Kashan carpet industry, which were positioned at two relational causal levels. These competencies aligned with well-known entrepreneurial components such as innovative orientation, risk-taking, and relational capital. Furthermore, two new competencies were identified at the supply chain level: "global level production," which emphasized adherence to international quality and environmental standards, and "effective returns management," which facilitated the smooth return of goods throughout the entire chain. To address existing disruptions, thus, adhering to the principles of strategic fit and strengthening collaborative models within the supply chain is recommended. Additionally, recruiting managers with characteristics such as risk-taking and analytical thinking along with improving the human resource management system through job fit and performance appraisal, are considered key factors in enhancing the entrepreneurial competencies of this industry. با تشدید رقابت در عرصۀ جهانی، مدیریت مناسب زنجیرۀ تأمین به یک چالش‌های اساسی برای شرکت‌های تولیدی و تجاری تبدیل شده است. در این راستا، شرکت‌های مختلف برای کسب مزیت رقابتی ازطریق ایجاد ارزش در تمام فعالیت‌های شرکت تلاش می‌کنند. لازمۀ این امر، تمرکز بر یک رویکرد کارآفرینانه بر پایۀ ایجاد شایستگی‌های کارآفرینانه در مدیریت زنجیرۀ تأمین است. ازآنجاکه تاکنون پژوهشی به بررسی این شایستگی‌ها در سطح زنجیرۀ تأمین نپرداخته، پژوهش حاضر به شناسایی شایستگی‌های کارآفرینانۀ زنجیرۀ تأمین صنعت فرش ماشینی کاشان و طراحی مدل این شایستگی‌ها با استفاده از رویکرد آمیخته، پرداخته است. در ابتدا برای شناسایی شایستگی‌های کارآفرینانۀ زنجیرۀ تأمین صنعت فرش ماشینی مصاحبه‌های عمیق با 13 نفر از خبرگان و مدیران شرکت‌های موفق صنعت فرش ماشینی کاشان انجام شد و با استفاده از تحلیل مضمون این شایستگی‌ها استخراج و کدگذاری شده‌اند. سپس با استفاده از روش مدل‌سازی ساختاری تفسیری مدل شایستگی‌های کارآفرینانۀ زنجیرۀ تأمین صنعت فرش ماشینی کاشان ترسیم گردیده و پیشنهاد‌هایی براساس این مدل ارائه گردید. در این تحقیق، دو شایستگی تولید در سطح جهانی و شایستگی مدیریت بازگشت مؤثر به‌عنوان شایستگی‌های جدید شناسایی شده‌اند. همچنین نتایج مدل‌سازی ساختاری تفسیری بیانگر این بود که شایستگی‌ها در دو سطح قابل دسته‌بندی هستند و شایستگی‌های نیازهای کارکنان، فضای روانی مناسب، تصمیم‌گیری مشارکتی و بازگشت مؤثر، اثرگذارترین شایستگی‌ها هستند. براساس یافته‌ها پیشنهاد می‌گردد اصول تناسب استراتژیک در زنجیرۀ تأمین فرش ماشینی بررسی و رعایت گردد. همچنین توجه به مدل‌های همکاری و رعایت استانداردها و الزامات بین‌المللی برای حضور در تولید سطح جهانی ضروری است.

https://sh-kashan.kashanu.ac.ir/article_113910_2be6e8b6c63219e1fc24e62bc7778d36.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان کاشان شناسی 2676-7686 17 2 2025 03 15 Identifying and Prioritizing Justice-Based Urban Management Development Strategies with an Emphasis on the City of Kashan شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی راهبردهای توسعۀ مدیریت شهری عدالت‌محور با تأکید بر شهر کاشان 129 158 114649 10.22052/kashan.2024.254649.1112 FA مرتضی والی زاده دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت دولتی، گروه منابع انسانی، واحد دهاقان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دهاقان، ایران، نویسنده مسئول علیرضا شیروانی دانشیار گروه مدیریت، واحد دهاقان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دهاقان، ایران ماشاالله ولیخانی استادیار گروه مدیریت، واحد دهاقان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دهاقان، ایران Journal Article 2024 05 27 Introduction Today's cities are considered as the greatest achievements of human culture and civilization. A justice-oriented perspective in terms of urban management form is one of the most fundamental pillars of urban governance. Accordingly, the present study aims to implement justice-based urban management strategies in the municipalities of Isfahan province with a focus on the city of Kashan. Cities have recently faced an undesirable cycle of socio-economic and environmental inequalities as a result of inefficient political, economic, and spatial policies; unprecedented challenges such as poverty, informal settlement, declining quality of life, income gaps, social disintegration, and injustice in the distribution of urban services, which have endangered the health and well-being of the urban communities, have created duality and imbalance in the space. Social justice has many definitions, but they all have one commonality--that governments have a duty to create equal political and social opportunities for all citizens--and this affirms the rights of people to receive social services from the state. Methodology One of the features of this research is the presentation of an applied model, especially the development of basic strategies for the realization of social justice in the municipality of Kashan. However, by examining the structures and functions of municipalities in Isfahan province, it can be concluded that municipalities have different textures and structures in terms of economic, social, political, cultural dimensions. However, it is certain that the achievement of social justice, of macro and general strategies such as the reformation of administrative structures, combating corruption, gender justice, and the promotion of urban diplomacy and urban regeneration are general and binding for all municipalities. The present study was an applied one in terms of purpose and a descriptive one in terms of method. The approach of this research was a qualitative-quantitative one. The statistical population of the study included all experts and experts in urban management. Its deployed Delphi--a systematic approach to obtain opinions and professional judgments from a group of experts on a topic or a question. In order to maintain the validity of the research and taking into account the drop of respondents during the study and after filtering and applying the desired indicators, a list of 21 people was announced. Based on the data obtained from the Delphi cycles and different parts of the questionnaire in each round, statistical indices, minimum maximum, mean, exponent, and standard deviation were calculated. The distribution of the questionnaire according to the Delphi method was done in three stages; in each stage, the items that had the condition of an average above 3 were presented in the next round, and the components with an average less than 3 were excluded from the following rounds of the questionnaire. Results Deploying Delphi, periods, statistical, minimum, maximum, mean, exponential and standard deviation indices were calculated. The distribution of the questionnaire was done in three stages, and in each stage the items that had the condition of the average game of 4 were brought in the second round. Items other than those were eliminated. Finally, the consensus of experts in each round was calculated. Delphi first round In this first round of the panel, 35 effective strategies on urban management with a social justice approach were identified with the average of game number 4; in total, 35 factors were proposed; since some factors were the same as the factors having been mentioned in the research background, they were removed or combined, and new factors were added for the next round. Dom Delphi role In this round, the panelists identified 25 factors from 35 components that had been analyzed in the previous studies, and the panel members who had had a great and high impact on the effective strategy on urban management with a social justice approach. As a result, a total of 25 factors were identified as high and very high; the average of less than 4 were excluded. Third round of Delphi In the third round, the panelists expressed their opinion on the effective strategy on urban management with a social justice approach. In this study, Delphi was conducted in three rounds, so that the standard deviation of the response of the panel members in the first round, regarding the importance of effective strategy on urban management with a social justice approach, was calculated 0.74. The value of the standard deviation in this round--as calculated by the consensus of experts--was 0.66; in the second round, the standard deviation was 0.54, and the Kendall coefficient was 0.74. Finally, in the third round, the standard deviation was 0.42, and the Kendall coefficient was also agreed upon. The consensus of experts was calculated to be 0.80. Based on the results of the TOPSIS algorithm, the sub-indicators of central government decentralization, equal distribution of opportunities, transparency of contracts, creation of knowledge-based organizations, and integrated planning were the most influential components, having the first ranks in the research. Democratic organization, urban spatial justice and urban planning, implementation of municipal obligations to citizens, reform of organizational structures, and environmental quality were the factors that had the least impact on justice-based urban management strategies, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the strategic factors, affecting urban management based on social justice in Kashan Municipality were: reforming the organizational structure, confronting administrative corruption, applying gender justice, applying ways to improve the level of social welfare, applying strategies of legitimacy of urban management, promoting urban diplomacy, attracting, redistributing, and increasing the productivity of human resources, the fair distribution of wealth, urban design, and the regeneration as well as creation of a creative city enjoying entrepreneurship, intelligence, and accountability. The results were consistent with the studies of Eskandari et al. (2021), Kaman Roodi et al. (2021), Rajabi et al. (2020), Almasi et al. (2019), Bandarabad et al. (2018), Ahadnejad (2016), Yaghfouri and Kashefi (2016), and Bijkarak et al. (2018). Based on the results, it can be stated that in order to develop justice-based urban management, adopting strategies such as decentralization of central government, equal distribution of opportunities, the transparency of contracts, the creation of knowledge-based organizations, and integrated planning can be useful. شهرهای امروزی به‌عنوان یکی از عظیم‌ترین دستاوردهای فرهنگ و تمدن بشر در عصر حاضر مطرح‌اند. نگریستن از نگاه عدالت‌محوری به مقولۀ مدیریت شهری، از اصولی‌ترین ارکان حکمرانی شهری است. بر همین اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف راهبردهای مدیریت شهری مبتنی‌بر عدالت در شهرداری‌های استان اصفهان با تأکید بر شهر کاشان پرداخته است. پژوهش حاضر ازنظر هدف، کاربردی، از نوع آمیخته (کیفی-کمی) و ازنظر روش توصیفی با رویکرد دلفی سه‌مرحله‌ای است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش در بخش دلفی و الگوریتم تاپسیس، تعداد 10 نفر از کارشناسان و خبرگان مدیریت شهری استان اصفهان است. ابزار اصلی جمع‌آوری اطلاعات پرسش‌نامه‌ای بود که براساس ادبیات تحقیق استخراج و با روش دلفی و الگوریتم تاپسیس تجزیه‌وتحلیل صورت گرفت. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد زیرشاخص‌های تمرکززدایی حکومت مرکزی، توزیع برابر فرصت‌ها، شفافیت قراردادها، ایجاد سازمان‌های دانش‌محور و برنامه‌ریزی یکپارچه بیشترین اجزای تأثیرگذاری و رتبه‌های نخست پژوهش را کسب کردند. تشکیلات دموکراتیک، عدالت فضایی شهر و شهرسازی، اجرای تعهدات شهرداری به شهروندان، اصلاح ساختار سازمانی و کیفیت محیطی زیست به‌ترتیب عواملی هستند که کمترین تأثیر را بر راهبردهای مدیریت شهری مبتنی‌بر عدالت‌محوری دارند. براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده می‌توان بیان داشت که به‌منظور توسعۀ مدیریت شهری عدالت‌محور، اتخاذ راهبردهایی همچون تمرکززدایی حکومت مرکزی، توزیع برابر فرصت‌ها، شفافیت قراردادها، ایجاد سازمان‌های دانش‌محور و برنامه‌ریزی یکپارچه می‌تواند مفید واقع گردد.

https://sh-kashan.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114649_36ab12e825a8d1c140b1e8d9122023c7.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان کاشان شناسی 2676-7686 17 2 2025 03 15 The Role of Gardens and Water Pools in Central Courtyards and their Impacts on Daylighting in Selected Historical Houses Qajar Era in Kashan جایگاه باغچه و حوض آب در حیاط مرکزی و تأثیر آن‌ها در تأمین روشنایی خانه‌‌های منتخب تاریخی ـ قاجاری کاشان 159 188 115078 10.22052/kashan.2025.257183.1144 FA ارسلان آزادی فر استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد بین‌المللی اروند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آبادان، ایران علی عمرانی پور دانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران؛ نیز گروه معماری، دانشگاه کاشان، ایران، نویسنده مسئول فرشید مصباح استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد بین‌المللی اروند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آبادان، ایران Journal Article 2024 11 19 Introduction Kashan, a city situated at an elevation of 982.3 meters, is renowned for its historical Qajar-era houses, which embody the evolved concept of “home” in Iranian architecture. In the past, daylight served as the primary source of illumination and constituted a fundamental element in the architectural design of these residences. The central courtyards—ranging from single to multiple in number—played a crucial role in providing natural lighting for these houses. Acting as conduits for daylight, these courtyards exhibited considerable diversity in geometry, proportions, and materials, including features such as water pools and garden plots. Multiple factors, including form, proportion, geometry, and the materials used for courtyard walls and flooring, influenced the optimization of daylight penetration, notably the light reflectance properties of these materials. This research investigates the relationship between water pools and garden plots as well as the utilization of natural light in eight historical houses of Kashan. The study evaluates the climatic performance of central courtyards as well as their daylight-channeling capacity through theoretical analysis and proportional relations. It aims to determine the correlation between the size of pools and gardens with the degree of light distribution and climatic performance, thereby identifying the role of these elements in supplying and directing daylight into the spaces adjacent to the central courtyard. Methodology This research adopted a quantitative approach along with a descriptive research method, combining the review of library sources with the analysis of field observations and measurements. This study was conducted in three stages: Stage 1. Literature Review: at this stage, the key parameters influencing daylight performance were identified; these parameters included the daylight factor (DF) and the section aspect ratio (SAR), both of which were associated with the ability of central courtyards to channel natural light. In addition, physical comfort parameters such as PAR and R₁, which indicated the climatic qualities of central courtyards, were introduced. Stage 2 . Case Selection and Field Survey: eight historical houses in Kashan were selected based on criteria such as structural integrity, accessibility for field documentation, minimal alterations (caused by the passage of time or inappropriate restorations), and the representation of courtyard typologies (single-, double-, triple-, and multi-courtyard houses). At this stage, existing architectural plans were verified and completed through field surveys, and precise, digital three-dimensional models were produced to ensure an accurate understanding of the number of courtyards, their dimensions, and spatial characteristics. Stage 3. Data Analysis: the geometric and proportional performance of central courtyards was evaluated, using the SAR index to assess daylight reception. However, the climatic performance was examined through the PAR and R₁ indices, taking into account the specific climatic conditions of the region. Subsequently, the combined surface area of garden plots and water pools was compared with the total courtyard floor area. These values were, then, analyzed alongside daylighting and climatic performance data to establish logical proportional relations. It is worth noting that by assessing the climatic performance of the central courtyard, this study not only highlights the role of water pools and garden plots in environmental regulation but also emphasizes the importance of daylight as a determining factor in the inclusion as well as functional significance of these elements in the courtyard design. Chart 1: Research stages Findings The collected data were compared and analyzed to enhance the understanding of the research outcomes. The section aspect ratio (SAR), which indicated the daylight-channeling performance of the central courtyard for adjacent spaces, was calculated alongside the climatic indices PAR and R₁, which evaluated the environmental performance of each house. The results showed that SAR values in some houses exceeded the recommended standards (SAR ≥ 1 for square-shaped courtyards and SAR ≥ 2 for rectangular courtyards). In contrast, in others, they fell below these thresholds. Similarly, the climatic performance indices in most cases conformed to the recommended ranges (0.3 ≤ PAR ≤ 1 and 0.4 ≤ R₁ ≤ 8). Exceptions were observed in courtyard y₁ of the Āl-e Yāsīn House, and courtyards y and y₁ of the Borujerdi and Tabātabāei Houses, where the R₁ ratio was within the acceptable range, but the PAR index did not meet the recommended standards. In addition, the ratio of the combined surface area of garden plots and water pools to the total courtyard area varied considerably across the selected houses, ranging from a minimum of 8.6% to a maximum of 56%. When comparing these ratios with the PAR index, it was found that courtyards with substandard PAR values had garden-and-pool ratios between 17.5% and 37%. In contrast, the ratio ranged from 7% to 56% in courtyards with adequate climatic performance. This suggests that, within the studied samples, no consistent or direct correlation exists between the climatic performance of courtyards and the extent of garden and pool coverage. According to the SAR analysis, most houses provided sufficient daylight access to spaces adjacent to the central courtyard, except in a few cases where the SAR was below the recommended level. The courtyard floors were primarily covered with brick (10–15% reflectance), water pools (35–45% reflectance), and garden plots (25–40% reflectance). A key finding was that the ratio of garden and pool area to the total courtyard surface demonstrating an inverse relationship with daylight-channeling performance: courtyards with adequate daylight-channeling (standard SAR); the combined ratio of garden and pool areas was less than 20%. In courtyards with inadequate daylight-channeling (low SAR), the ratio exceeded 20%; in some cases, it reached 56%. In conclusion, houses with standard SAR values typically incorporated larger brick-paved surfaces with lower reflectance and allocated less area to gardens and pools. Conversely, houses with lower SAR values exhibited greater coverage by reflective surfaces such as garden plots and water pools. Conclusion The findings of this study reveal that in the examined historic houses of Kashan, the inadequate geometric configuration and proportions of central courtyards in channeling daylight to adjacent spaces were compensated through the use of courtyard flooring materials with higher light reflectance, particularly water pools and garden plots. Accordingly, the results of this research should be carefully considered in the restoration and revitalization of these residences, as well as other historical houses of Kashan, which, in the recent decades, have gained increasing attention due to the expansion of tourism industry. Such efforts require particular attention to the existing architectural components and elements—such as pools, green spaces, and other structural features—whose functional and cultural significance extend beyond their aesthetic value. These houses represent a valuable legacy of domestic architecture in Iran, offering insight into the traditional application of simple yet effective strategies for harnessing natural daylight. Recognizing and preserving these approaches can provide meaningful lessons and serve as a model for contemporary housing design. بهره‌مندی از روشنایی طبیعی در خانه‌های تاریخی کاشان باعث شکل‌گیری حیاط‌های مرکزی شده است. یکی از فاکتورهای سنجش عملکرد حیاط مرکزی در هدایت نور به فضاهای مجاور آن، فاکتور ضریب نور روز یا DF آن فضاهاست. فاکتور نور روز تابع عواملی ازجمله انعکاس مصالح حیاط مرکزی است؛ لذا مهم است جایگاه حوض‌های آب و باغچه‌ها به‌عنوان جزئی از اجزای تشکیل‌دهندۀ آن در هدایت نور برای فضاهای مجاور مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. لذا این پژوهش با دیدی کمی و با روش تحقیق تشریحی، با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و مشاهدات میدانی، عملکرد هدایت نور حوض‌های آب و باغچه‌ها را در نمونه‌های منتخب از خانه‌های تاریخی کاشان مورد ارزیابی قرار می‌دهد. مشاهدات میدانی نشان می‌دهد که کف حیاط‌ها از آجر، حوض آب و باغچه‌ها پوشیده شده است. همچنین میزان گستردگی استفاده از هرکدام از این موارد یادشده متفاوت است؛ لذا برای فهم ارتباط این تنوع با هدایت نور، شاخص مقطع پلانی یا SAR به‌عنوان شاخص عملکرد نورگیری حیاط، در هرکدام از نمونه‌ها بررسی گردید سپس نتایج این بخش با مجموع مساحت باغچه و حوض آب نسبت به مساحت کل حیاط مقایسه شد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد در نمونه‌هایی که شاخص مقطع پلانی SAR از مقادیر توصیه‌شده کمتر است، میزان مجموع پوشش حوض آب و باغچه‌ها به مساحت کل حیاط افزایش دارد و برعکس. بنابراین می‌توان چنین دریافت که گستردگی پوشش باغچه‌ها و حوض آب در کف حیاط در راستای افزایش نور در فضاهای مجاور حیاط‌های مرکزی ازطریق انعکاس بیشتر نور است.

https://sh-kashan.kashanu.ac.ir/article_115078_88e8fed79f720437cbedb62c4bdee227.pdf

دانشگاه کاشان کاشان شناسی 2676-7686 17 2 2025 03 15 An Investigation of the Concept of Love in Taghdis' Masnavi from the Perspective of Positive Psychology بررسی مفهوم عشق در مثنوی طاقدیس از دیدگاه روان‌شناسی مثبت‌نگر 189 207 114976 10.22052/kashan.2025.256448.1139 FA سعیده نعمت اللهی کارشناسی ارشد رشتۀ زبان و ادبیات فارسی، گروه ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران، نویسنده مسئول 0009-0008-0645-814X تقی اژه ای دانشیار گروه ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 20 Introduction Love is a central concept in mystical literature, representing a powerful cosmic force that transcends ordinary human emotions. It vividly expresses the spiritual path toward enlightenment and ultimate union with divine. This idea of love prominently appears in both Persian and Arabic mystical texts, including the timeless works of eminent mystics and poets such as Sanai, Attar, Rumi, and Ibn A’rabi. These texts portray love as the essence and foundation of existence itself, underpinning the entire cosmos. Within the framework of Islamic mysticism, love is understood to transcend mere romantic feelings or psychological states; it is considered to be the fundamental basis of creation, the driving force behind the perfection of the soul, and the ultimate truth guiding all beings toward spiritual fulfillment. This study critically examines the concept of love as articulated in Taqdis Masnavi, a significant mystical work, specifically from the perspective of positive psychology—a relatively new psychological approach that underscores human strength, virtues, and positive experiences rather than mere mental disorders or pathology. By integrating the rich heritage of classic mystical literature with insights from contemporary psychological theories, this research aims to uncover new and meaningful dimensions of love’s pivotal role in fostering spiritual growth, psychological well-being, and holistic human flourishing. Materials and Methods This research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology that combines a detailed content analysis of classic Persian and Arabic mystical texts, focusing primarily on Taqdis Masnavi. The textual analysis methodically examined mystical expressions, allegories, and symbolism related to key concepts such as love, happiness, spirituality, and psychological strength as embedded within the text. This study deployed Martin Seligman’s influential model of positive psychology (2011), which emphasized well-being, moral virtues, and the cultivation of personal strength as the foundations for flourishing. Through a qualitative content analysis, the research identified and elucidated central themes, connecting the mystical dimensions of love to psychological well-being factors, including life satisfaction, emotional resilience, and positive interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, the study explored how spiritual virtues—such as gratitude, altruism, forgiveness, and kindness—served as essential resources, enabling individuals to overcome various emotional and spiritual obstacles to growth. Data were systematically gathered through comprehensive literature reviews of both classic mystical texts and contemporary psychological scholarship. This process facilitated rich interdisciplinary insights bridging Islamic mysticism and positive psychological constructs. Ultimately, this interdisciplinary approach significantly advances our understanding of love as a transformative power with profound implications for mental health, spiritual development, and holistic human flourishing. Results This study revealed that love in Taqdis Masnavi functioned as a multi-dimensional force that nurtures both psychological and spiritual health. Divine love, love for the Prophet and holy family, and the universal love for humanity—as the manifestations of God’s creativity—form a spiritual hierarchy that guides the soul’s ascent. The emotional experiences of love transcend transient pleasures and pains, embodying a stable, pure joy that withstands internal and external adversities. By mastering egoistic desires and cultivating positive traits, love transforms from a mere emotion into an enduring spiritual reality. The study’s findings aligned with Islamic mystical insights and positive psychology’s features, highlighting how love fostered meaning, positive social bonds, and emotional resilience. Obstacles such as selfishness, fear, and worldly attachments are identified as barriers to love’s growth, while practical virtues enhance spiritual and psychological development. Love is shown to strengthen social cohesion by promoting empathy and forgiveness, which improves mental health and social well-being. This integrative framework offered novel interventions to enhance life satisfaction through the cultivation of love-centered virtues. Conclusion The study concludes that interpreting love in Taqdis Masnavi through the lens of Positive Psychology provides a valuable framework for enhancing spiritual fulfillment and psychological well-being. Love is portrayed as a profound catalyst for spiritual transformation and enlightenment as well as a powerful force for strengthening emotional resilience and nurturing social harmony among individuals and communities. The conscious practice of virtues such as gratitude, compassion, and forgiveness—qualities that are deeply rooted in the text—helps individuals overcome psychological barriers and emotional challenges. This enables them to achieve lasting happiness, inner peace, and meaningful connections with others. This integration of classic mystical literature with the theory of contemporary positive psychological effectively enhances mental health, turning love into a transformative power, promoting holistic healing and growth. This research emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that bridge up the gap between ancient traditions of wisdom and current scientific understandings, ultimately pave the way for the emergence of a comprehensive human being, on both individual and collective levels. پژوهش حاضر با نگرشی میان‌رشته‌ای، پیوند عمیقی بین محبت در مثنوی طاقدیس و علم بهزیستی را بررسی کرده است. این مطالعه با واکاوی مفهوم عشق در سروده‌های این مثنوی و مقایسۀ آن با مفاهیم سایکولوژی مثبت، نشان می‌دهد که عشق انگیزه‌ای قدرتمند است که نه‌تنها به رهایی از قیود نفسانی کمک می‌کند، بلکه به تکامل معنوی و نیل به اوج نیز می‌انجامد. عشق روحانی برترین گونۀ محبت بوده و نقش اساسی در متن طاقدیس ایفا می‌کند، اما موانعی همچون نفس‌پرستی، هراس و تعلق می‌توانند سد راه این عشق شوند. این پژوهشهمچنین نشان می‌دهد که تمرین‌هایی مانند سپاسگزاری و یاری رساندن به دیگران می‌توانند به تقویت عشق کمک کنند؛ هرچند با محدودیت‌هایی نظیر طبیعت کیفی اطلاعات و تمرکز بر یک اثر مشخص مواجه است. ابتکار این پژوهش در ترکیب مفاهیم عرفانی و روان‌شناسی مثبت‌نگر و ارائۀ یک الگوی فراگیر برای شناخت ارتباط بین عشق و طاقدیس نهفته است. این مقاله با روش توصیفی‌تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای انجام شده است.

https://sh-kashan.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114976_37d43317fad14c808bf90fe284b343a4.pdf