منظر فرهنگی: راهبردهای توسعۀ پایدار شهر ازطریق نقشۀ فرهنگی(مورد مطالعه: شهر کاشان)*

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی فرهنگی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی فرهنگی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران، نویسنده مسئول

3 استادیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین راهبردهای توسعۀ پایدار شهر ازطریق نقشۀ فرهنگی در دو بخش کیفی و کمی انجام شد. بخش اول پژوهش در چارچوب پژوهش کیفی با استفاده از نظریۀ زمینه‌ای انجام گردید. بر مبنای اصل اشباع نظری از تعداد 18 نفر از صاحب‌نظران مطلع حوزۀ مورد مطالعه با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند وابسته به معیار مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته به عمل آمد. برای سنجش اعتباریابی داده‌ها از دو روش بازبینی دو کدگذار و مرور خبرگان غیرشرکت‌کننده در پژوهش، بازگشت به مصاحبه‌شوندگان استفاده گردید. داده‌ها طی چند مرحله کدگذاری باز و محوری براساس مدل گرندد تئوری اشتراس و کوربین مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. روش پژوهش در قسمت کمی توصیفی-پیمایشی و جامعۀ آماری شامل همۀ کارشناسان و متخصصان موضوعی درزمینۀ مدیریت شهری و فرهنگی به تعداد برآوردی بود که از این میان به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس تعداد 150  نفر به‌عنوان حجم نمونه برای شرکت در پژوهش انتخاب شدند. ابزار مورد استفادۀ بخش کمی، پرسش‌نامۀ محقق‌ساخته برگرفته از بخش کیفی بود؛ پایایی ابزار نیز با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ بالاتر از 7/0 برآورد گردید. داده‌های بخش کمی با استفاده از بستۀ نرم‌افزاری علوم اجتماعی و PLS، در دو سطح توصیفی و آمار استنباطی مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج بخش کیفی نشان داد راهبردها شامل راهبرد توسعه، تقویت، حفظ و مراقبت و ایجاد منظر فرهنگی دسته بندی شد. نتایج بخش کمی نشان داد بار عاملی تمام مؤلفه‌های استخراج‌شده بالاتر از ۵/۰ است. همچنین بیشترین ضریب مربوط به راهبرد ایجاد منظر فرهنگی و سپس راهبرد تقویت است. نتایج بخش کمی نشان داد مدل تحلیل عاملی ابعاد راهبردهای توسعۀ پایدار شهر ازطریق نقشۀ فرهنگی از مطلوبت مناسب برخوردار است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Cultural Landscape: Sustainable Urban Development Strategies through Cultural Mapping (A Case Study: Kashan)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Meysam Namakii 1
  • Saeid Sharifi 2
  • Mohammad Latifi 3
1 PhD Candidate in Cultural Management and Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Cultural Management and Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran, (Corresponding Author)
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The cultural map provides an avenue for urban diplomacy and serves as a key capacity builder through the establishment of sister city agreements between municipalities. The sharing of cultural resources and the heritage fostered by these partnerships not only ensures the protection of cultural assets but also promotes the sustainable development of cultural heritage. This is achieved by facilitating the exchange of knowledge and the best practices that help cultivate a more comprehensive mutual understanding of each cultural heritage. The influx of migrants and the changing of environmental conditions in Kashan necessitate a renewed focus on sustainable urban development to address resulting challenges and risks. As such, preserving and protecting the city's cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, have become increasingly urgent. A comprehensive cultural map can aid in the formulating of strategies for mitigating the effects of rapid urban growth and climate change on Kashan's historical monuments to ensure their preservation for future generations.
Research Method
This research employed an applied and developmental approach, comprised of two phases: qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative phase, content analysis with open and axial coding techniques was used for the inductive data analysis. In the quantitative phase, confirmatory factor analysis and t-tests were conducted to validate the components identified in the qualitative phase. Semi-structured interviews were used as the primary data collection tool throughout both phases of the research. To ensure reliability and validity of the data collected through interviews, multiple interviews were conducted in parallel and compared to confirm consistency. Furthermore, two coders were employed to code the data, and the agreement between them demonstrated the data's validity. The quantitative phase involved the use of a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 37 items based on data from the qualitative phase. Cronbach's alpha was employed to estimate the internal consistency of the questionnaire items, resulting in a coefficient greater than 0.7, confirming their validity. The research population consisted of experts related to cultural heritage, university professors specializing in architecture and urban planning, and cultural and urban managers. Using purposive sampling, a criterion-based and heterogeneous approach was employed with participants selected based on their experience in designing cultural and urban landscapes as well as a demonstrated record of research and publications related to these fields. The researchers continued sampling until theoretical saturation, at which no other new themes or insights emerged from the interviews. In the quantitative phase, 150 individuals from the sectors of cultural heritage tourism, urban experts, and experts in architecture and urban designing in Kashan formed the statistical population.
Results
In the present study, based on the participants' perspectives, the core codes of strategies include technical development, technological development, cultural differences, cultural awareness, cultural heritage care, ecotourism, landscape sustainability, and public participation. The findings showed that elements such as the development of information and communication technology, the use of artificial intelligence equations and calculations, the use of hardware capacities, strengthening the public electronic space, analyzing national patterns of cultural consumption, monitoring changes in cultural consumption, strengthening intercultural diversity, increasing children's awareness, awareness-raising campaigns, caring for intangible cultural assets, preserving historical cultural assets, controlling knowledge gaps related to cultural services, endogenous empowerment of the local community, continuity and transmission of indigenous construction culture, controlling energy consumption and pollution caused by it, cultural policymaking based on heritage preservation, expanding the mapping of cultural assets to the ecosystem dimension, using materials with the ability to restore and rebuild, strengthened the sense of belonging to the place and acknowledged the shared cultural and social landscape, and such elements formed the strategies for sustainable development of the city through the cultural map. Factor analysis, the conceptual units of the strategies, was developed as a factor model. The indicators of the evaluation of the generality of the factor model as a whole indicate that the data fit the model. All the indicators of the evaluation of the generality of the factor model, by considering the desired values ​​of these indicators, indicated the desirability of the factor model of the conceptual units of the strategies. The conceptual units of the strategies were in a desirable state. In other words, the correlation of these conceptual units with the conceptual units related to these themes was estimated to be from medium to high, and as a result, the measurement tool had factor validity.
Conclusion
In recent years, urban and territorial development policies have been shifting towards a focus on the vital role that landscapes play in sustainable and economic growth. Cultural landscapes are one of the key components of a cultural map and a significant area of interest for UNESCO. By inscribing cultural landscapes onto the World Heritage List, UNESCO has enabled the exploration of new avenues for understanding and preserving local values and cultures. However, due to human activities and natural changes, these landscapes have been increasingly susceptible to degradation and destruction. In response, the application of information technology tools to collect, process, and represent cultural heritage landscape data has provided robust theoretical and technical foundations for landscape modeling and applied research. By harnessing the power of these technologies, it can more effectively safeguard cultural landscapes and their inherent cultural values, while simultaneously promoting sustainable development in urban and territorial planning. Landscapes can be broadly categorized as natural and cultural landscapes. In Kashan, a unique blend of these landscapes exists, which can be harnessed to create a distinctive spatial representation of human culture. The incorporation of cultural landscapes into cultural mapping not only provides valuable insight into the spatial dynamics of human culture but also reflects the historical and natural influences that shape regional culture. However, achieving sustainable development in Kashan requires careful consideration of landscape sustainability and public participation, as these factors are essential for promoting and nurturing the values inherent in the landscape. These different aspects of the cultural landscape can be conceptualized as a hierarchy of interrelated elements. Amenities, which can be considered individual features or attributes, contribute to the formation of amenities, which in turn combine to form unique cultural scenes. These cultural scenes, in turn, represent the overall cultural style and aesthetic characteristics of a given place, and form the basis for cultural practices, value-affective judgments, and even cultural identity among relevant cultural subjects. By understanding and preserving these cultural scenes, we can better appreciate and sustain the cultural values of Kashan's landscapes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cultural landscape
  • development
  • cultural map
  • sustainable development
  • Kashan
اخباری، محمد، و مؤذن‌جامی، محمدهادی. (1389). الگوی شبکه‌ای ترسیم نقشۀ فرهنگی مبتنی‌بر ارتقای موقعیت ژئوکالچر (مطالعۀ موردی: کلان‌شهر تهران). فصلنامۀ بین‌المللی ژئوپلیتیک، 6(18)، 31-56.
شفیعی، پریچهر، و جیحانی، حمیدرضا. (1397). ارزیابی تغییر ساختار فضایی محدودۀ شهری محتشم کاشان. کاشان‌شناسی، 11(2)، 31-48. doi:10.22052/2.13.31
نمکی، میثم، شریفی، سعید، و لطیفی، محمد. (1401). کالبد فرهنگی شهر: واکاوی الزامات و چالش‌های پایداری مناظر فرهنگی در تدوین نقشۀ فرهنگی. کاشان‌شناسی، ۲(۱۵)، ۲۵-۴۶. doi:10.22052/kashan.2022.246593.1048
Ancuța, C., & Jucu, I. S. (2023). Sustainable rural development through local cultural heritage capitalization—analyzing the cultural tourism potential in rural Romanian Areas: A case study of Hărman Commune of Brașov Region in Romania. Land12(7), 1297.‏
Assumma, V., & Ventura, C. (2014, July). Role of Cultural mapping within local development processes: a tool for the integrated enhancement of rural heritage. In Advanced Engineering Forum (Vol. 11, pp. 495-502). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.‏
Aureli, S., & Del Baldo, M. (2023). Stakeholders' consciousness of cultural heritage and the reconciliation of different needs for sustainable development. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development13(4), 964-982.‏
Bekele, M. K., & Champion, E. (2019). A comparison of immersive realities and interaction methods: Cultural learning in virtual heritage. Frontiers in Robotics and AI6, 91.‏
Bosselmann, K. (2010). Losing the forest for the trees: Environmental reductionism in the law. Sustainability2(8), 2424-2448.‏
Caldatto, F. C., Bortoluzzi, S. C., & de Lima, E. P. (2020). The role of public administration in sustainable development. International business, trade and institutional sustainability, 69-79.‏
Cheng, Y., Zhu, K., Zhou, Q., El Archi, Y., Kabil, M., Remenyik, B., & Dávid, L. D. (2023). Tourism Ecological Efficiency and Sustainable Development in the Hanjiang River Basin: A Super-Efficiency Slacks-Based Measure Model Study. Sustainability15(7), 6159.
Collard, L., and Palmer, D. (2000). Nyungar environmental design thematics. Unpublished report prepared for The University of Western Australia Indigenous Design Studio (J. Milroy, L. Collard, and G. Revell, Studio Coordinators). Crawley: The University of Western Australia.
Contor, H. (2023). Integrated Systems Analysis: Belgium’s SDG performance under Business As Usual scenario (Master's thesis, The University of Bergen).‏
Dalton, C., and Thatcher, J. (2014). What does a critical data studies look like, and why do we care? Seven points for a critical approach to ‘big data.’ Society and Space open site (of Society and Space: Environment and Planning D).
Della Spina, L., & Giorno, C. (2024). Cultural Landscapes as a Driver of Local Development. Collaborative Decision-Making Processes for the Promotion of Resilient Landscapes. In Science of Valuations: Natural Structures, Technological Infrastructures, Cultural Superstructures (pp. 329-346). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.‏
Duxbury, N. & Redaelli, E. (2020). Cultural mapping. Oxford Bibliographies in Communication.‏
Evans, G., & Foord, J. (2008). Cultural mapping and sustainable communities: planning for the arts revisited. Cultural trends17(2), 65-96.‏
Freitas, R. (2016). Cultural mapping as a development tool. City, Culture and Society7(1), 9-16.‏
Hawkes, J. (2001). The fourth pillar of sustainability: Culture’s essential role in public planning. Melbourne: Common Ground.
Jones, M. (2003). The concept of cultural landscape: discourse and narratives. In Landscape interfaces: cultural heritage in changing landscapes (pp. 21-51). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.‏
Kemp-Benedict, E., Lambe, F., Carlsen, H., Weitz, N., & sa Persson, Ã. (2022). Stockholm+ 50: unlocking a better future.‏
Liu, Y., Lü, Y., Fu, B., & Zhang, X. (2023). Landscape pattern and ecosystem services are critical for protected areas' contributions to sustainable development goals at regional scale. Science of the Total Environment881, 163535.‏
Missimer, M., Robèrt, K. H., & Broman, G. (2017). A strategic approach to social sustainability–Part 2: a principle-based definition. Journal of cleaner production140, 42-52.‏
Moslehpour, M., Firman, A., Lin, C. H., Bilgiçli, İ., Tran, T. K., & Nguyen, T. T. H. (2023). The moderating impact of government support on the relationship between tourism development and growth, natural resources depletion, sociocultural degradation, economic environment, and pollution reduction: case of Indonesian economy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research30(19), 56863-56878.‏ ‏
Ortega Nuere, C., & Bayón, F. (2015). Cultural mapping and urban regeneration: analyzing emergent narratives about Bilbao. Culture and Local Governance5(1), 9-22.‏
Purvis, B., Mao, Y., & Robinson, D. (2019). Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustainability science14, 681-695.‏
Santos, B. de Sousa. (2007). Beyond abyssal thinking: From global lines to ecologies of knowledges. Eurozine (June 29). Retrieved from http://www.eurozine.com/ articles/2007-06-29-santos-en.html.
Taghvaee, V. M., Nodehi, M., Arani, A. A., Jafari, Y., & Shirazi, J. K. (2023). Sustainability spillover effects of social, environment and economy: mapping global sustainable development in a systematic analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science7(2), 329-353.‏
Teaiwa, K., & Mercer, C. (2011). Pacific cultural mapping, planning and policy toolkit. Secretariat of the Pacific Community and European Union.‏
UNESCO. (2013). The Hangzhou declaration: Placing culture at the heart of sustainable development. Adopted in Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, on May 17. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/ HQ/CLT/images/FinalHangzhouDeclaration20130517.pdf
United Nations Environment Programme. Division of Early Warning, & Assessment. (2011). UNEP year book 2011: emerging issues in our global environment. UNEP/Earthprint.‏
Wang, J., Zhang, L., & Gou, A. (2021). Study of the color characteristics of residential buildings in Shanghai. Color Research & Application46(1), 240-257.‏
Young, G., & Stevenson, D. (Eds.). (2013). The Ashgate research companion to planning and culture. London: Ashgate.
Zhang, H., & Chan, B. H. S. (2022). Differentiating graffiti in Macao: activity types, multimodality and institutional appropriation. Visual Communication21(4), 560-580.‏
Zhang, Q., Kim, E., Yang, C., & Cao, F. (2023). Rural revitalization: Sustainable strategy for the development of cultural landscape of traditional villages through optimized IPA approach. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development13(1), 66-86.‏
References
Akhbari, M, & Moezinjami, MH. (2010). a network model for drawing a cultural map based on the promotion of the geocultural situation (case study: Tehran metropolis). International Quarterly of Geopolitics, 6(18), 31-56. [In Persian]
Ancuța, C., & Jucu, I. S. (2023). Sustainable rural development through local cultural heritage capitalization—analyzing the cultural tourism potential in rural Romanian Areas: A case study of Hărman Commune of Brașov Region in Romania. Land12(7), 1297.‏
Assumma, V., & Ventura, C. (2014, July). Role of Cultural mapping within local development processes: a tool for the integrated enhancement of rural heritage. In Advanced Engineering Forum (Vol. 11, pp. 495-502). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.‏
Aureli, S., & Del Baldo, M. (2023). Stakeholders' consciousness of cultural heritage and the reconciliation of different needs for sustainable development. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development13(4), 964-982.‏
Bekele, M. K., & Champion, E. (2019). A comparison of immersive realities and interaction methods: Cultural learning in virtual heritage. Frontiers in Robotics and AI6, 91.‏
Bosselmann, K. (2010). Losing the forest for the trees: Environmental reductionism in the law. Sustainability2(8), 2424-2448.‏
Caldatto, F. C., Bortoluzzi, S. C., & de Lima, E. P. (2020). The role of public administration in sustainable development. International business, trade and institutional sustainability, 69-79.‏
Cheng, Y., Zhu, K., Zhou, Q., El Archi, Y., Kabil, M., Remenyik, B., & Dávid, L. D. (2023). Tourism Ecological Efficiency and Sustainable Development in the Hanjiang River Basin: A Super-Efficiency Slacks-Based Measure Model Study. Sustainability15(7), 6159.
Collard, L., and Palmer, D. (2000). Nyungar environmental design thematics. Unpublished report prepared for The University of Western Australia Indigenous Design Studio (J. Milroy, L. Collard, and G. Revell, Studio Coordinators). Crawley: The University of Western Australia.
Contor, H. (2023). Integrated Systems Analysis: Belgium’s SDG performance under Business As Usual scenario (Master's thesis, The University of Bergen).‏
Dalton, C., and Thatcher, J. (2014). What does a critical data studies look like, and why do we care? Seven points for a critical approach to ‘big data.’ Society and Space open site (of Society and Space: Environment and Planning D).
Della Spina, L., & Giorno, C. (2024). Cultural Landscapes as a Driver of Local Development. Collaborative Decision-Making Processes for the Promotion of Resilient Landscapes. In Science of Valuations: Natural Structures, Technological Infrastructures, Cultural Superstructures (pp. 329-346). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.‏
Duxbury, N. & Redaelli, E. (2020). Cultural mapping. Oxford Bibliographies in Communication.‏
Evans, G., & Foord, J. (2008). Cultural mapping and sustainable communities: planning for the arts revisited. Cultural trends17(2), 65-96.‏
Freitas, R. (2016). Cultural mapping as a development tool. City, Culture and Society7(1), 9-16.‏
Hawkes, J. (2001). The fourth pillar of sustainability: Culture’s essential role in public planning. Melbourne: Common Ground.
Jones, M. (2003). The concept of cultural landscape: discourse and narratives. In Landscape interfaces: cultural heritage in changing landscapes (pp. 21-51). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.‏
Kemp-Benedict, E., Lambe, F., Carlsen, H., Weitz, N., & sa Persson, Ã. (2022). Stockholm+ 50: unlocking a better future.‏
Liu, Y., Lü, Y., Fu, B., & Zhang, X. (2023). Landscape pattern and ecosystem services are critical for protected areas' contributions to sustainable development goals at regional scale. Science of the Total Environment881, 163535.‏
Lowenthal, D. (2005). Natural and cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies11(1), 81-92.‏
Missimer, M., Robèrt, K. H., & Broman, G. (2017). A strategic approach to social sustainability–Part 2: a principle-based definition. Journal of cleaner production140, 42-52.‏
Moslehpour, M., Firman, A., Lin, C. H., Bilgiçli, İ., Tran, T. K., & Nguyen, T. T. H. (2023). The moderating impact of government support on the relationship between tourism development and growth, natural resources depletion, sociocultural degradation, economic environment, and pollution reduction: case of Indonesian economy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research30(19), 56863-56878.‏ ‏
Namaki, M., Sharifi, S., & Latifi, M. (2023). Cultural Frameworks of Cities: An Analysis of Requirements and Challenges of Sustainability of Cultural Landscapes in Compiling Cultural Maps. Kashan Shenasi15(2), 25-46.‏ doi:10.22052/kashan.2022.246593.1048. [In Persian]
Ortega Nuere, C., & Bayón, F. (2015). Cultural mapping and urban regeneration: analyzing emergent narratives about Bilbao. Culture and Local Governance5(1), 9-22.‏
Purvis, B., Mao, Y., & Robinson, D. (2019). Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustainability science14, 681-695.‏
Santos, B. de Sousa. (2007). Beyond abyssal thinking: From global lines to ecologies of knowledges. Eurozine (June 29). Retrieved from http://www.eurozine.com/ articles/2007-06-29-santos-en.html.
Shafiei, P, Jehani, HR. (2018). Evaluating the change in the spatial structure of the urban area of ​​Mohtasham Kashan. Kashan Shenasi, 11(2), 31-48. doi:10.22052/2.13.31. [In Persian]
Taghvaee, V. M., Nodehi, M., Arani, A. A., Jafari, Y., & Shirazi, J. K. (2023). Sustainability spillover effects of social, environment and economy: mapping global sustainable development in a systematic analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science7(2), 329-353.‏
Teaiwa, K., & Mercer, C. (2011). Pacific cultural mapping, planning and policy toolkit. Secretariat of the Pacific Community and European Union.‏
UNESCO. (2013). The Hangzhou declaration: Placing culture at the heart of sustainable development. Adopted in Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, on May 17. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/ HQ/CLT/images/FinalHangzhouDeclaration20130517.pdf
Wang, J., Zhang, L., & Gou, A. (2021). Study of the color characteristics of residential buildings in Shanghai. Color Research & Application46(1), 240-257.‏
Young, G., & Stevenson, D. (Eds.). (2013). The Ashgate research companion to planning and culture. London: Ashgate.
Zhang, H., & Chan, B. H. S. (2022). Differentiating graffiti in Macao: activity types, multimodality and institutional appropriation. Visual Communication21(4), 560-580.‏
Zhang, Q., Kim, E., Yang, C., & Cao, F. (2023). Rural revitalization: Sustainable strategy for the development of cultural landscape of traditional villages through optimized IPA approach. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development13(1), 66-86.‏